Erdoğan says US-Turkey ties at risk, recalls envoy

In a statement, Turkey's Prime Minister Tayyip Erdoğan also said he was seriously concerned that the non-binding resolution would harm Turkish-US ties and efforts by Muslim Turkey and Christian Armenia to bury a century of hostility.

Washington regards Turkey, a Muslim but secular democracy which aspires to join the European Union, as an ally whose help it needs to solve conflicts from Iran to Afghanistan to the Middle East.

WHAT WILL TURKEY DO NEXT?

* In 2007, Ankara recalled its ambassador after a US panel approved a similar bill. Turkey reacted angrily, suggesting trade, defence and other ties might be affected. Then-president George W. Bush warned against passage, and the measure never came to a vote on the House floor. The ambassador returned to his post after one week.

* Ankara had launched a diplomatic offensive to block the bill. Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu told reporters in Ankara hours before the vote: "We are at a stage when US-Turkish ties need maximum cooperation. Everybody should consider the importance of US-Turkish relations for regional and global stability."

WILL IT AFFECT AFGHANISTAN, THE MIDDLE EAST OR IRAN?

* Erdoğan said the bill might harm Turkey-US ties, but did not give any details. President Abdullah Gül said Turkey should not be held responsible for any negative consequences, but did not elaborate.

* Commentators had said the bill could affect Washington's use of the Incirlik Air base in southeast Turkey. Incirlik is vital in logistical support for US troops serving in Iraq and Afghanistan. Turkey is a transit route for US troops going to and from Iraq, and has 1,700 non-combat troops in Afghanistan.

* Ankara has played a key role in Obama's strategy to get Afghanistan and Pakistan to work together in fighting al Qaeda and Taliban militants in their borders. Turkey has hosted high-level talks between Pakistan and Afghanistan.

* Turkey, which has boosted ties with its Muslim neighbours, is a major player in US-backed Arab-Israeli peacemaking and has mediated in indirect talks between Syria and the Israelis.

* Ankara has offered to use its close ties with Iran to help solve a dispute between global powers and Tehran over its nuclear programme. The United States, France and other Western powers are preparing a plan for a fourth round of U.N. sanctions against Iran over its nuclear programme. The bill could further alienate Turkey, which sits on the 15-member Security Council and has indicated it will not support more sanctions.

ARMENIA

* Erdoğan said the bill would derail efforts to normalise ties with long-time foe Armenia. Ankara and Yerevan late last year signed an historic deal to reopen their border. The chairman of the Turkish parliament's foreign affairs committee had said the resolution could jeopardise Turkish parliamentary approval of the protocols.

* Muslim Turkey accepts that there were killings but in both sides and says that those killings stemmed from civil war during the atmosphere of the catastrophic World War I era.

TRADE AND MILITARY CONTRACTS

* Turkish media have suggested the bill may hurt bilateral trade and deny US firms lucrative defence contracts. Vatan newspaper said on Thursday that Ankara had threatened to cancel defence contracts totalling $45 billion. US-Turkish trade volume was $16.2 billion in 2008.

* The chief executives of Lockheed Martin Corp, Boeing Co, Raytheon Co, United Technologies Corp and Northrop Grumman Corp this week issued a rare joint letter, warning passage of the bill could lead to "a rupture in US-Turkey relations" and put American jobs at risk.

ANTI-AMERICANISM

* The issue of the Armenian massacres is deeply sensitive in Turkey and Turks, including Nobel Literature Laureate Orhan Pamuk, have been prosecuted in the European Union candidate country for referring to the killings as genocide. Most Turks view such bills as an insults to their national honour. There has been a wave of anti-Americanism in Turkey, particularly following the 2003 US invasion of Iraq and many tensions linger. The bill could fan more anti-Americanism.